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3PC Coordinator Termination Protocol The termination protocol in the 3PC is similar to the one we discussed in the 2PC The difference between the 2PC and the 3PC is the Precommit state Therefore, the steps that the coordinator takes to handle the slave s failure are the same for both protocols in all states except the Precommit state Hence, if the coordinator detects the slave s failure when the coordinator is in the Before Commit, Preparing, Aborted, or Committed states, it handles it exactly the same as in the 2PC Otherwise, the coordinator detects the slave s failure when the coordinator is in the Precommit state In this case, it knows the slave had already voted to commit the transaction and can safely commit the transaction 3PC Slave Termination Protocol In the 3PC, the failure of the coordinator calls for the election of a new coordinator.

Another example where the entire tree is important is shown in Figure 7.3, which comes from De Soete and Carroll (1996). Figure 7.3 displays an additive tree representation of data collected by Arabie and Rips (1973), based on an earlier study by Henley (1969). In the study, 53 American students were asked to judge the similarity among 30 animals. The representation was generated by LSADT (De Soete, 1984), which is a least-squares additive tree- tting procedure, and accounts for 87.3% of the variance in the data. As in the previous example, the entire tree representation is interesting, and truncating the tree would be misleading. In addition, some relationships represented by the additive tree would not be represented in an ultrametric tree. For example, dog and cat are closer to each other in the representation than tiger and wolf, even though dog and wolf are in one cluster of canine animals and cat and tiger are in another cluster of feline animals. An ultrametric representation would force dog and cat to be the same distance apart as tiger and wolf, assuming they remained in the canine and feline clusters. It is also worth emphasizing in both of these examples that only the terminal nodes are labeled. However, implicit labels could be generated for the internal nodes, such as grandparents or felines. Carroll and Chang (1973) developed one of the few clustering methods for generating a tree representation with labeled internal nodes from a single data set. However, the method has not been widely used, in part because of

This can be done by allowing the slaves to vote on who should be the new coordinator, allowing them to compete for the role, or simply pre determining who the next coordinator should be (sort of like a chain of command) In order to protect against the failure of this new coordinator, the termination protocol requires the newly elected coordinator to synchronize the states for all slaves to match its own This is done by a broadcast, from the new coordinator to the slaves, forcing them to transition to the new coordinator s state Once all slaves have transitioned to the same state, the new coordinator commits the transaction if the new coordinator s state is one of the Precommit or Committed state Otherwise, the coordinator aborts the transaction.

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There are no strict criteria to determine the applicability of these methods to combinatorial problems and hence the choice of a heuristic depends mainly on the specifics of each case study In the case of combinatorial problems, various empirical studies showed that [38, 47]: Simulated annealing and tabu search are better in local searches but have the drawbacks mentioned above Swarm intelligence and particularly ant systems are distributed techniques and can be used primarily in adaptive environments Neural networks are efficient in local searches in which they have been shown to have the fastest time convergence Another benefit of using the neural network approach is that, after sufficient training by some representative input data, the neural networks can make use of the essential characteristics learned Nevertheless, neural networks very often have local minima Moreover, they are very sensitive to parameter variations, a matter of great importance for real-time operation.

Recovery Protocols in 3PC As in 2PC, the log information is used to determine the transaction s state at the time of the failure in the 3PC It should be obvious that since the 3PC is a nonblocking protocol, no slaves are blocked as a result of the coordinator s failure and vice versa 3PC Coordinator Recovery Process After a coordinator has been repaired, it will read the local log and determine the state it was in at the time of the failure There are three possible cases:.